True or False: the Elements of Time and Motion Are Not Applicable to the Art of Photography.

Art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature

The visual arts are art forms such every bit painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts and architecture. Many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual fine art, and fabric arts also involve aspects of visual arts equally well as arts of other types. Also included within the visual arts^[1] are the applied arts^[2] such every bit industrial pattern, graphic design, fashion blueprint, interior design and decorative art.^[3]

Current usage of the term "visual arts" includes art as well as the applied or decorative arts and crafts, but this was not always the instance. Before the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain and elsewhere at the turn of the 20th century, the term 'artist' had for some centuries often been restricted to a person working in the fine arts (such every bit painting, sculpture, or printmaking) and not the decorative arts, craft, or applied Visual arts media. The distinction was emphasized by artists of the Arts and Crafts Movement, who valued vernacular art forms as much equally high forms.^[4] Art schools made a stardom between the fine arts and the crafts, maintaining that a craftsperson could non be considered a practitioner of the arts.

The increasing trend to privilege painting, and to a bottom degree sculpture, higher up other arts has been a feature of Western art also as E Asian art. In both regions painting has been seen equally relying to the highest degree on the imagination of the creative person, and the furthest removed from transmission labour – in Chinese painting the most highly valued styles were those of "scholar-painting", at to the lowest degree in theory skillful by gentleman amateurs. The Western hierarchy of genres reflected like attitudes.

Education and training [edit]

Training in the visual arts has mostly been through variations of the apprentice and workshop systems. In Europe the Renaissance movement to increase the prestige of the artist led to the academy system for training artists, and today almost of the people who are pursuing a career in arts train in fine art schools at tertiary levels. Visual arts have now get an constituent bailiwick in most education systems.^{[5] [6]}

Drawing [edit]

Cartoon is a means of making an image, illustration or graphic using whatsoever of a wide variety of tools and techniques available online and offline. It generally involves making marks on a surface past applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface using dry media such as graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools, including pens, stylus, that simulate the effects of these are also used. The main techniques used in cartoon are: line drawing, hatching, crosshatching, random hatching, shading, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to equally a draftsman or draughtsman.^[7]

Drawing and painting goes dorsum tens of thousands of years. Fine art of the Upper Paleolithic includes figurative art kickoff between about 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. Non-figurative cave paintings consisting of manus stencils and simple geometric shapes are even older. Paleolithic cave representations of animals are found in areas such equally Lascaux, French republic and Altamira, Spain in Europe, Maros, Sulawesi in Asia, and Gabarnmung, Australia.

In ancient Egypt, ink drawings on papyrus, often depicting people, were used every bit models for painting or sculpture. Drawings on Greek vases, initially geometric, later adult to the homo grade with black-figure pottery during the 7th century BC.^[viii]

With paper condign common in Europe past the 15th century, drawing was adopted past masters such as Sandro Botticelli, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci who sometimes treated drawing equally an art in its ain correct rather than a preparatory phase for painting or sculpture.^[9]

Painting [edit]

Painting taken literally is the exercise of applying pigment suspended in a carrier (or medium) and a binding amanuensis (a mucilage) to a surface (support) such every bit paper, sheet or a wall. Yet, when used in an artistic sense it means the use of this activity in combination with cartoon, composition, or other aesthetic considerations in society to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Painting is also used to express spiritual motifs and ideas; sites of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery to The Sistine Chapel to the man body itself.^[10]

History [edit]

Origins and early history [edit]

Like cartoon, painting has its documented origins in caves and on rock faces. The finest examples, believed by some to exist 32,000 years erstwhile, are in the Chauvet and Lascaux caves in southern France. In shades of cherry, brown, xanthous and black, the paintings on the walls and ceilings are of bison, cattle, horses and deer.

Paintings of homo figures can be establish in the tombs of ancient Egypt. In the groovy temple of Ramses Two, Nefertari, his queen, is depicted existence led past Isis.^[11] The Greeks contributed to painting merely much of their piece of work has been lost. One of the best remaining representations are the Hellenistic Fayum mummy portraits. Some other example is mosaic of the Battle of Issus at Pompeii, which was probably based on a Greek painting. Greek and Roman art contributed to Byzantine art in the 4th century BC, which initiated a tradition in icon painting.^[12]

The Renaissance [edit]

Apart from the illuminated manuscripts produced by monks during the Middle Ages, the side by side significant contribution to European art was from Italian republic's renaissance painters. From Giotto in the 13th century to Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael at the beginning of the 16th century, this was the richest catamenia in Italian art as the chiaroscuro techniques were used to create the illusion of three-D space.^[13]

Painters in northern Europe too were influenced by the Italian school. Jan van Eyck from Belgium, Pieter Bruegel the Elder from the Netherlands and Hans Holbein the Younger from Germany are among the virtually successful painters of the times. They used the glazing technique with oils to accomplish depth and luminosity.

Dutch masters [edit]

The 17th century witnessed the emergence of the groovy Dutch masters such every bit the versatile Rembrandt who was particularly remembered for his portraits and Bible scenes, and Vermeer who specialized in interior scenes of Dutch life.

Baroque [edit]

The Bizarre started afterward the Renaissance, from the late 16th century to the late 17th century. Main artists of the Baroque included Caravaggio, who made heavy use of tenebrism. Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish painter who studied in Italy, worked for local churches in Antwerp and as well painted a series for Marie de' Medici. Annibale Carracci took influences from the Sistine Chapel and created the genre of illusionistic ceiling painting. Much of the development that happened in the Baroque was because of the Protestant Reformation and the resulting Counter Reformation. Much of what defines the Baroque is dramatic lighting and overall visuals.^[xiv]

Impressionism [edit]

Impressionism began in France in the 19th century with a loose association of artists including Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Paul Cézanne who brought a new freely brushed style to painting, oft choosing to pigment realistic scenes of mod life outside rather than in the studio. This was achieved through a new expression of aesthetic features demonstrated by brush strokes and the impression of reality. They achieved intense color vibration by using pure, unmixed colours and short castor strokes. The motility influenced art every bit a dynamic, moving through fourth dimension and adjusting to newfound techniques and perception of art. Attention to item became less of a priority in achieving, whilst exploring a biased view of landscapes and nature to the artists eye.^{[15] [xvi]}

Post-impressionism [edit]

Towards the end of the 19th century, several young painters took impressionism a phase further, using geometric forms and unnatural colour to depict emotions while striving for deeper symbolism. Of particular note are Paul Gauguin, who was strongly influenced past Asian, African and Japanese art, Vincent van Gogh, a Dutchman who moved to France where he drew on the strong sunlight of the south, and Toulouse-Lautrec, remembered for his brilliant paintings of nighttime life in the Paris district of Montmartre.^[17]

Symbolism, expressionism and cubism [edit]

Edvard Munch, a Norwegian artist, developed his symbolistic approach at the end of the 19th century, inspired past the French impressionist Manet. The Scream (1893), his most famous work, is widely interpreted as representing the universal anxiety of mod man. Partly as a result of Munch'southward influence, the German expressionist motility originated in Frg at the showtime of the 20th century equally artists such as Ernst Kirschner and Erich Heckel began to distort reality for an emotional effect.

In parallel, the style known as cubism developed in French republic every bit artists focused on the book and space of sharp structures inside a composition. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque were the leading proponents of the movement. Objects are broken up, analyzed, and re-assembled in an abstracted form. Past the 1920s, the style had adult into surrealism with Dali and Magritte.^[eighteen]

Printmaking [edit]

Ancient Chinese engraving of female person instrumentalists

Printmaking is creating, for artistic purposes, an paradigm on a matrix that is then transferred to a ii-dimensional (flat) surface by ways of ink (or another form of pigmentation). Except in the example of a monotype, the same matrix can be used to produce many examples of the impress.

Historically, the major techniques (besides chosen media) involved are woodcut, line engraving, etching, lithography, and screen printing (serigraphy, silk screening) merely there are many others, including modernistic digital techniques. Normally, the impress is printed on paper, but other mediums range from cloth and vellum to more modern materials.

European history [edit]

Prints in the Western tradition produced before about 1830 are known every bit old master prints. In Europe, from effectually 1400 AD woodcut, was used for master prints on paper by using printing techniques developed in the Byzantine and Islamic worlds. Michael Wolgemut improved German woodcut from most 1475, and Erhard Reuwich, a Dutchman, was the first to use cross-hatching. At the stop of the century Albrecht Dürer brought the Western woodcut to a stage that has never been surpassed, increasing the status of the single-leaf woodcut.^[19]

Chinese origin and practice [edit]

In Cathay, the fine art of printmaking adult some 1,100 years ago every bit illustrations alongside text cutting in woodblocks for printing on newspaper. Initially images were mainly religious merely in the Song Dynasty, artists began to cut landscapes. During the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1616–1911) dynasties, the technique was perfected for both religious and artistic engravings.^{[20] [21]}

Development in Nippon 1603–1867 [edit]

Woodblock printing in Japan (Japanese: 木版画, moku hanga) is a technique all-time known for its use in the ukiyo-e artistic genre; nevertheless, it was also used very widely for printing illustrated books in the same menstruum. Woodblock printing had been used in People's republic of china for centuries to print books, long before the advent of movable type, but was only widely adopted in Japan during the Edo period (1603–1867). Although similar to woodcut in western printmaking in some regards, moku hanga differs profoundly in that water-based inks are used (every bit opposed to western woodcut, which uses oil-based inks), allowing for a wide range of brilliant color, glazes and colour transparency.

Photography [edit]

Photography is the process of making pictures by means of the activeness of light. The light patterns reflected or emitted from objects are recorded onto a sensitive medium or storage fleck through a timed exposure. The process is done through mechanical shutters or electronically timed exposure of photons into chemic processing or digitizing devices known equally cameras.

The word comes from the Greek φως phos ("light"), and γραφις graphis ("stylus", "paintbrush") or γραφη graphê, together meaning "drawing with light" or "representation past means of lines" or "drawing." Traditionally, the product of photography has been called a photograph. The term photograph is an abbreviation; many people likewise phone call them pictures. In digital photography, the term epitome has begun to supersede photograph. (The term image is traditional in geometric eyes.)

Compages [edit]

Architecture is the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or whatever other structures. Architectural works, in the textile form of buildings, are oftentimes perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

The primeval surviving written work on the discipline of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century Advertizement. According to Vitruvius, a adept edifice should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, article and delight. An equivalent in modernistic English would exist:

1. Durability – a building should stand up robustly and remain in good condition.
2. Utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used.
3. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing.

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and ways (available building materials and bellboy skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Filmmaking [edit]

Filmmaking is the process of making a motility-movie, from an initial formulation and enquiry, through scriptwriting, shooting and recording, blitheness or other special furnishings, editing, sound and music work and finally distribution to an audition; information technology refers broadly to the creation of all types of films, embracing documentary, strains of theatre and literature in movie, and poetic or experimental practices, and is often used to refer to video-based processes also

Computer art [edit]

Visual artists are no longer express to traditional Visual arts media. Computers have been used equally an ever more common tool in the visual arts since the 1960s. Uses include the capturing or creating of images and forms, the editing of those images and forms (including exploring multiple compositions) and the terminal rendering or press (including 3D printing). Computer fine art is whatsoever in which computers played a function in product or display. Such art tin can be an epitome, sound, animation, video, CD-ROM, DVD, video game, website, algorithm, functioning or gallery installation. Many traditional disciplines are now integrating digital technologies and, equally a result, the lines betwixt traditional works of art and new media works created using computers have been blurred. For case, an artist may combine traditional painting with algorithmic art and other digital techniques. As a result, defining calculator art by its finish product tin be hard. Nevertheless, this type of art is beginning to announced in art museum exhibits, though it has all the same to bear witness its legitimacy as a grade unto itself and this technology is widely seen in contemporary fine art more as a tool rather than a form every bit with painting. On the other manus, in that location are computer-based artworks which belong to a new conceptual and postdigital strand, bold the aforementioned technologies, and their social affect, every bit an object of enquiry.

Computer usage has blurred the distinctions between illustrators, photographers, photograph editors, three-D modelers, and handicraft artists. Sophisticated rendering and editing software has led to multi-skilled paradigm developers. Photographers may become digital artists. Illustrators may become animators. Handicraft may exist figurer-aided or use reckoner-generated imagery as a template. Calculator clip art usage has besides made the clear stardom between visual arts and page layout less obvious due to the easy admission and editing of clip art in the procedure of paginating a document, especially to the unskilled observer.

Plastic arts [edit]

Plastic arts is a term for art forms that involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium past moulding or modeling such as sculpture or ceramics. The term has also been applied to all the visual (not-literary, non-musical) arts.^{[22] [23]}

Materials that tin can exist carved or shaped, such equally rock or woods, physical or steel, have besides been included in the narrower definition, since, with advisable tools, such materials are also capable of modulation.^{[ citation needed ]} This apply of the term "plastic" in the arts should not be confused with Piet Mondrian'south use, nor with the move he termed, in French and English, "Neoplasticism."

Sculpture [edit]

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created past shaping or combining hard or plastic cloth, sound, or text and or calorie-free, normally stone (either rock or marble), clay, metallic, glass, or wood. Some sculptures are created directly by finding or carving; others are assembled, built together and fired, welded, molded, or cast. Sculptures are ofttimes painted.^[24] A person who creates sculptures is chosen a sculptor.

Because sculpture involves the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated, it is considered one of the plastic arts. The majority of public art is sculpture. Many sculptures together in a garden setting may exist referred to as a sculpture garden. Sculptors do not always make sculptures by hand. With increasing engineering science in the 20th century and the popularity of conceptual art over technical mastery, more sculptors turned to art fabricators to produce their artworks. With fabrication, the creative person creates a design and pays a fabricator to produce it. This allows sculptors to create larger and more complex sculptures out of material similar cement, metal and plastic, that they would not exist able to create past hand. Sculptures can likewise be made with three-d printing technology.

US copyright definition of visual art [edit]

In the United States, the law protecting the copyright over a piece of visual art gives a more than restrictive definition of "visual art".^[25]

A "work of visual art" is —
(1) a painting, drawing, print or sculpture, existing in a single re-create, in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered by the author, or, in the case of a sculpture, in multiple cast, carved, or fabricated sculptures of 200 or fewer that are consecutively numbered by the author and comport the signature or other identifying mark of the author; or
(2) a even so photographic image produced for exhibition purposes simply, existing in a single copy that is signed by the writer, or in a limited edition of 200 copies or fewer that are signed and consecutively numbered past the writer.

A work of visual fine art does non include —
(A)(i) whatever poster, map, globe, chart, technical cartoon, diagram, model, applied art, motility picture or other audiovisual work, book, magazine, newspaper, periodical, information base, electronic information service, electronic publication, or similar publication;
  (ii) any merchandising particular or advertizement, promotional, descriptive, covering, or packaging material or container;
  (iii) whatever portion or part of whatever item described in clause (i) or (two);
(B) any work made for hire; or
(C) whatsoever work not subject to copyright protection under this championship.

Run across also [edit]

• Art materials
• Asemic writing
• Collage
• Crowdsourcing artistic work
• Décollage
• Environmental art
• Institute object
• Graffiti
• History of art
• Illustration
• Installation art
• Interactive art
• Mural fine art
• Mathematics and art
• Mixed media
• Portraiture
• Process art
• Recording medium
• Sketch (drawing)
• Sound art
• Vexillography
• Video art
• Visual arts and Theosophy
• Visual impairment in fine art
• Visual verse

References [edit]

1. ^ An Almost.com article past fine art proficient, Shelley Esaak: What Is Visual Fine art?
2. ^ Different Forms of Fine art – Practical Art. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
3. ^ "Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada". Georgebrown.ca. xv February 2011. Archived from the original on 28 Oct 2011. Retrieved thirty October 2011.
4. ^ Fine art History: Arts and Crafts Motion: (1861–1900). From World Wide Arts Resources Archived 13 October 2009 at the Portuguese Web Annal. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
5. ^ Ulger, Kani (1 March 2016). "The creative training in the visual arts education". Thinking Skills and Creativity. xix: 73–87. doi:ten.1016/j.tsc.2015.ten.007. ISSN 1871-1871.
6. ^ Adrone, Gumisiriza. "School of industrial art and pattern".
7. ^ "drawing | Principles, Techniques, & History". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
8. ^ History of Cartoon. From Dibujos para Pintar. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
9. ^ "Cartoon". History.com. 2006. Archived from the original on 14 March 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
10. ^ "painting | History, Elements, Techniques, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
11. ^ History of Painting. From History World. Retrieved 23 Oct 2009.
12. ^ "Art history | visual arts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 12 August 2020.
13. ^ History of Renaissance Painting. From Art 340 Painting. Retrieved 24 October 2009.
14. ^ Mutsaers, Inge. "Ashgate Joins Routledge – Routledge" (PDF). Ashgate.com. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
15. ^ "Impressionist art & paintings, What is Impressionist fine art? Introduction to Impressionism". Retrieved 24 September 2018.
16. ^ Impressionism. Webmuseum, Paris. Retrieved 24 Oct 2009
17. ^ Post-Impressionism. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
18. ^ Modern Art Movements. Irish Art Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
19. ^ The Printed Paradigm in the Due west: History and Techniques. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
20. ^ Engraving in Chinese Art. From Engraving Review Archived 29 July 2012 at archive.today. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
21. ^ The History of Engraving in Mainland china. From ChinaVista. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
22. ^ Art Terminology at KSU ^{[ dead link ]}
23. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online (entry for "plastic arts")". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
24. ^ Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity 22 September 2007 Through 20 January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum Archived iv January 2009 at the Wayback Auto
25. ^ "Copyright Police force of the United States of America – Chapter one (101. Definitions)". .gov. Retrieved 30 Oct 2011.

Bibliography [edit]

• Barnes, A. C., The Fine art in Painting, third ed., 1937, Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., NY.
• Bukumirovic, D. (1998). Maga Magazinovic. Biblioteka Fatalne srpkinje knj. br. iv. Beograd: Narodna knj.
• Fazenda, M. J. (1997). Between the pictorial and the expression of ideas: the plastic arts and literature in the dance of Paula Massano. n.p.
• Gerón, C. (2000). Enciclopedia de las artes plásticas dominicanas: 1844–2000. fourth ed. Dominican Republic due south.northward.
• Oliver Grau (Ed.): MediaArtHistories. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2007. with Rudolf Arnheim, Barbara Stafford, Sean Cubitt, W. J. T. Mitchell, Lev Manovich, Christiane Paul, Peter Weibel a.o. Rezensionen
• Laban, R. V. (1976). The linguistic communication of movement: a guidebook to choreutics. Boston: Plays.
• La Farge, O. (1930). Plastic prayers: dances of the Southwestern Indians. north.p.
• Restany, P. (1974). Plastics in arts. Paris, New York: north.p.
• Academy of Pennsylvania. (1969). Plastics and new art. Philadelphia: The Falcon Pr.

External links [edit]

• ArtLex – online dictionary of visual fine art terms.
• Agenda for Artists – calendar list of visual art festivals.
• Art History Timeline by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

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